Carob is a hardy plant that thrives in Mediterranean-like climates. Its long, brown pods contain a rich, sweet pulp that can be ground into a powder to serve as a natural substitute for cocoa.
Research has found that extracts of carob seed peel and pods have antidepressant effects in animals tested with the Y-maze, elevated plus maze, and forced swimming tests. It is also an excellent source of minerals, especially calcium (Ca) and potassium (K).
Planting
The carob tree is a long-lived evergreen that can grow to a height of 15 meters. It thrives in Mediterranean climates that are cool but not cold, with mild to warm springs and hot summers. It can also withstand dry and windy conditions. The plant grows best in sandy loams and calcareous soil with high lime content. It is resistant to drought and heat, but it is sensitive to winter cold.
Its seeds are very nutritious and contain about 90% sugar, as well as three to four essential amino acids. These characteristics make the seed a valuable food. However, the germination of the seeds is slow, especially in the case of dried ones, which must be scarred and soaked in water to improve their germination. Dried seeds should be sown in a sandy potting mix in the spring or summer. Seedlings should be transplanted when they are 8 to 10cm tall and have grown their first true leaves. Carob trees are fairly disease-resistant and have few pests. However, they can be attacked by aphids and scale insects, and their roots can be infested with root rot.
A carob orchard can be a great addition to any landscape, as it will attract many small animals and birds, including snakes and lizards. It is also a favorite of fruit bats and snails. In fact, a whole ecosystem will develop around the carob tree, depending on the environment in which it is planted.
Carob is an under-utilised crop species with potential for economic development and environmental sustainability. Currently, its production is limited by poor weather conditions that prevent fruit production and reduce profitability for farmers. Climate change is a threat to dioecious crops, such as carob, because warmer temperatures favour male plants over female ones. To increase yields, it is necessary to select cultivars that are adapted to the specific pedoclimatic conditions of each farm and utilise grafting techniques.
Watering
The carob tree is a tough species with few diseases and pests, but it can still be vulnerable to weather and soil conditions. In order to grow and thrive, it must be planted in a climate that is mild and free of prolonged frosts.
The plant grows best in a sunny, well-drained soil, with an alkaline pH level. It does not tolerate acidic soil and cannot stand wet conditions, even for short periods of time. This makes a soil test an important tool to determine whether it’s time to water. Use a finger or a soil moisture meter to monitor the soil moisture level and adjust your watering schedule accordingly.
It is recommended to water the carob plant twice a month during its first two years after planting, depending on the season and location. This is followed by a reduction in watering frequency to once every other week until the end of the growing season, then to once a month during winter.
Once the pods of a carob tree are ripe, they can be harvested by spreading canvas sheets on the ground and using long hooked poles to grab and shake the pods off the tree. They are then sun dried for one to two days, which lowers their moisture content to eight percent or less. Afterwards, they are slowly hammer milled, which separates the seed from the pulp or “kibble.”
Carobs contain phenolic compounds such as coumaric and gallic acids, which have been shown to possess antioxidative properties. Research has also demonstrated that aqueous extracts from C. siliqua leaves have the potential to treat gastrointestinal issues such as constipation and diarrhea. This is mainly due to their ability to stimulate gastrointestinal secretion and electrolyte absorption.
Fertilizing
A carob tree requires little maintenance, but it should be fertilized to ensure healthy growth and abundant blooms. The best fertilizer for carobs is a balanced formula that provides nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). A good option is a 10-10-10 or 20-20-20 ratio. Look for a formula that also includes micro-nutrients, which are the unsung heroes of the plant world.
A good starting point is to dig a hole large enough to fit the rootball of the plant and backfill it with soil. Water thoroughly after planting to help the soil settle and encourage root development. After the first year, prune any dead or diseased branches to keep your carob tree looking neat and tidy. This will also promote air flow and reduce the risk of insect infestations.
The phenolic concentration of ripe carob fruit has been found to be influenced by agro-environmental conditions in different soil regions, while total sugar content seems to be more related to cultivars. In spite of this, few studies report a detailed description of the agro-environmental context, either by cultivar or soil, where the sample was collected.
While a carob is relatively easy to care for, it is vulnerable to several pests and diseases. A few common ones include aphids, scale insects and root rot. To prevent them, regularly inspect your tree for these signs: distorted leaves, sticky residue and wilting. You can use insecticides or organic methods like compost or bone meal to deter these pests. In addition, a regular pruning schedule will keep the tree healthy and free from insect damage. This is especially important in the early years, when the plant is building up its strength and isn’t yet ready to bear fruit.
Pruning
A carob tree grows best when it is pruned regularly to keep it trimmed to the desired shape and size. This also promotes healthy regrowth and enhances fruit production. The ideal pruning time is in winter, as it aligns with the carob tree’s dormant period and minimizes stress and loss of nutrients during active growing months.
Pruning a carob tree requires the right tools to make precise cuts that promote proper healing. Sharp, clean pruning shears are best, as these are more likely to make quick and precise cuts without damaging the tree’s bark. Avoid removing too much foliage during one pruning session, as this will stress the plant and reduce its ability to grow and produce pods.
Regular pruning also prevents the buildup of fungus and other pathogens on the carob plant, as it opens up the canopy to sunlight and air. It is also important to remove any dead branches promptly to maintain the health of the tree.
Carob trees are tolerant of frost and drought, but it is essential to maintain optimal moisture conditions. Water the plant in times of dry climates, implementing deep watering techniques to support healthy root systems and prevent root rot. It is important to monitor the soil for signs of overwatering, which typically manifest as yellowing and wilting leaves.
Fertilize a carob tree twice a year, in the spring and summer, to support robust growth and pod production. Use a balanced NPK fertilizer such as 10-10-10 or a natural option like compost. It is also essential to maintain optimum soil pH, as too high or low levels can cause disease and other issues. A soil test is a great way to identify any nutrient gaps in the soil.
Maintenance
The carob tree is a highly adaptable plant, tolerant to a wide range of conditions. It can thrive in poor, sandy, heavy loamy, rocky and calcareous soils. It is very resistant to drought and tolerates salty soil. It is also a heliophilous species, so it does well in the presence of sunlight and in hot climates.
It is often used as a substitute for chocolate in vegan cuisine. It has low calories and is rich in calcium. It also contains high levels of soluble fibre. It is also a great source of antioxidants. This makes it a great addition to any diet.
The flowers of the carob tree are green tinged with red and similar to those of willow trees. They are hermaphrodite and self-pollinating, although pollination is also partially entomophilous (performed by insects). Its blooming period starts in August and continues until November. The fruit of the carob tree is a pod that is filled with seeds. The pod is ovoid, up to 8 mm long and 7 mm wide. It consists of three chambers.
The carob tree is very resilient and is easy to grow. It does not require a lot of water, but it needs plenty of sun and good drainage. During the first year after planting, it is important to keep the soil moist to help establish a good root system. It is important to remove any branches that are dead or crossing during the winter to improve airflow and promote growth. Pruning is usually done during late winter or early spring. Removing dead and damaged branches will help to prevent disease. It is also a good idea to prune the carob tree in order to maintain an even canopy and to improve its appearance.
